Few entities play a more crucial role in maritime operations than classification societies. Classification Societies are important in ensuring that ships and offshore structures meet established safety and quality standards, which safeguard life at sea and the environment.
IACS (International Association of Classification Societies)
The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) has specific entry requirements for membership, ensuring that only organizations meeting rigorous standards are admitted. While IACS typically outlines detailed and specific criteria in its internal documents, some general requirements include:
1. Recognition and Reputation
The society must be recognized globally and have a significant reputation and influence in the maritime industry.
2. Experience in Building and Surveying ships
A demonstrated history and significant experience in classification activities, particularly in maritime safety and technology.
3. Technical Competence
The organization should display high technical competence and expertise in its operations and technical standards: competent and well-trained surveyors and good Port State control records.
4. Safety Record
A good track record regarding ship safety and compliance with international regulations is essential.
5. Quality Management
Establishment of a top-quality management system that aligns with IACS standards.
6. Regulatory Compliance
The classification society should demonstrate compliance with international conventions, codes, and resolutions.
7. Resources (Hull and Engine Surveyors)
Adequate infrastructure, personnel, and financial stability resources to support classification activities worldwide.
8. Peer Evaluation
Often involves a peer review process or evaluation by current IACS members to ensure standards are met.
IACS Members
12 classification societies in IACS meet the entry standards; the largest in terms of gross tonnage fleet is NKK.
| Class society | mGT |
| NK | 270 |
| DNV | 260 |
| ABS | 255 |
| LR | 236 |
| CCS | 140 |
| BV | 135 |
| KR | 70 |
| RI | 65 |
| IR | 13 |
| PR | 2.3 |
| CRS | 1.6 |
| TL | 0.4 |
Source: IHS
Classification Societies Recognized by the European Union (EMSA)
EU Member States can only authorize a classification society recognized by the European Commission.
The European Union legislation that addresses classification societies is Regulation (EC) No 391/2009 and Directive 2009/15/EC. The European Commission evaluates each of the EU-recognized organizations biennially. The Commission has assigned EMSA the responsibility of conducting necessary inspections; therefore, EMSA performs numerous inspections of each recognized organization annually. This includes inspections of headquarters, selected regional, field, and site offices, as well as visits to ships, all aimed at verifying the performance of the recognized organizations. EMSA also carries out necessary inspections of organizations for which a Member State has requested recognition.
-American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
-Bureau Veritas SA — Registre international de classification de navires et d’aeronefs (BV)
-China Classification Society (CCS)
-Croatian Register of Shipping (CRS)
-DNV AS
-KR (Korean Register)
-Indian Register of Shipping (IRCLASS)
-Lloyd’s Register Group LTD (LR)
-Nippon Kaiji Kyokai General Incorporated Foundation (ClassNK)
-Polish Register of Shipping (PRS)
-RINA Services S.p.A.
Types of Classification Societies Surveys
Below is the Classification Survey cycle, which all vessels registered with an IACS member are required to conduct.
| Type of Survey | Principal Content | Period/Year(s) |
| Special Survey | A thorough and complete survey of all the items: thickness measurements of the hull, pressure testing of the tanks, opening up and testing the running of the machinery; for tankers, especially tankers of more than ten years, it is more stringent and extensive | 5 |
| Annual Survey | A general examination of hull and appliance machinery, electrical plants, steering gear, and fittings. It is mandatory for passenger ships. | 1 |
| Docking Survey | Required for the following items: the hull part below the deepest load waterline, rudders, thrusters, sea valves, and overboard discharges | 2.5 |
| Boiler Survey | A survey containing external and internal visual surveys of water/steam, drums and shells, casing and insulation, combustion chambers, oil burning units, etc. | 2 |
| Shaft Survey | A survey focusing on the shaft and bearings | every five years in the dry dock |
Relationship between Classification Societies and Maritime Administrations
Obligations of the Administration
The government is obligated to implement international conventions, such as the International Convention on Load Lines, MARPOL, SOLAS, and TONNAGE (International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969), to which it has become a signatory.
However, it should be recognized that almost no government has the acceptable capacity to perform all aspects under the conventions’ requirements. Furthermore, besides international instruments, national regulations are stipulated to govern ships flying the state flag. The implementation and execution are very complicated and demand large resources.
Classification Societies took into consideration the requirements of various conventions when they set out or updated their rules. But the philosophy to include various conventions in their rules has been difficult to realize in all cases.
The survey’s coverage, according to their own rules, largely excludes lifesaving appliances required by SOLAS and environmental protections regarding MARPOL, among others.
Ensuring Maritime Safety
One of the primary functions of classification societies is to enhance maritime safety. These organizations develop technical standards for the design, construction, and operational maintenance of ships and offshore structures. By conducting rigorous inspections and surveys, classification societies ensure that vessels comply with these standards before they enter service and throughout their operational life. This process minimizes the risk of maritime accidents, which can have catastrophic consequences for crew members and passengers.
Furthermore, classification societies contribute to the maritime industry’s safety culture by providing certification and classification services. A vessel that receives certification from a respected classification society is recognized worldwide for meeting stringent safety and quality criteria. This recognition reassures ship operators, insurers, and regulatory bodies that the vessel is fit for purpose and compliant with international regulations.
Promoting Environmental Protection and preventing the pollution of our seas.
In addition to enhancing safety, classification societies play a vital role in promoting environmental protection. Modern maritime operations are heavily scrutinized for their environmental impact, particularly regarding issues such as marine pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Classification societies are at the forefront of developing standards that minimize these impacts.
For instance, classification societies establish guidelines for energy efficiency and emissions reduction. By advocating for the adoption of cutting-edge technologies and alternative fuels, they assist the maritime industry in reducing its carbon footprint. Furthermore, regular audits and inspections ensure that ships comply with international environmental regulations, such as the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) MARPOL convention.
Fostering Innovation and Technological Advancement
Classification societies are instrumental in driving innovation within the maritime industry. As technological advancements emerge, these organizations adapt their standards to integrate new technologies and methodologies. This adaptability encourages shipbuilders and designers to innovate without compromising on safety and environmental standards.
Moreover, classification societies often collaborate with industry stakeholders, research institutions, and regulatory bodies to develop new standards and best practices. This collaborative approach facilitates innovation and ensures that the latest technological advancements are implemented globally. By doing so, classification societies contribute to the modernization and competitiveness of the maritime industry.
Supporting Regulatory Compliance
Compliance with international and national maritime regulations is a complex task for shipowners and operators. Classification societies simplify this process by aligning their technical standards with major regulatory frameworks. Their expertise and global presence position them as essential partners in navigating the intricate web of maritime legislation. Classification societies help stakeholders avoid legal complications and financial penalties by assisting with compliance documentation and procedures.
The Classification Societies today.
Classification societies are essential to the maritime industry, offering vital services that enhance safety, promote environmental stewardship, and encourage innovation. Their role goes beyond mere compliance, as they serve as catalysts for change and improvement within the industry. By establishing and upholding high standards, classification societies ensure the industry’s sustainability and integrity, benefiting both stakeholders and the global community. As the maritime industry continues to evolve, the significance of classification societies is anticipated to grow, highlighting their lasting impact on a complex and dynamic field.
Read also: Navigating the Challenges and Opportunities Facing the Classification Societies in 2025
