In maritime operations, few entities play a more crucial role than classification societies. These organizations are important in ensuring that ships and offshore structures meet established safety and quality standards for safeguarding life at sea and the environment.
IACS
The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) has specific entry requirements for membership to ensure that only organizations meeting rigorous standards are admitted. While the detailed and specific criteria are typically outlined by IACS in their internal documents, some general requirements include:
1. Recognition and Reputation: The society must be recognized globally and have a significant reputation and influence in the maritime industry.
2. Experience: A demonstrated history and significant experience in classification activities, particularly in maritime safety and technology.
3. Technical Competence: The organization should display a high level of technical competence and expertise in its operations and technical standards.
4. Safety Record: A good track record in terms of ship safety and compliance with international regulations is essential.
5. Quality Management: Establishment of a robust quality management system that aligns with IACS standards.
6. Regulatory Compliance: The classification society should demonstrate compliance with international conventions, codes, and resolutions.
7. Resources: Adequate resources in terms of infrastructure, personnel, and financial stability to support classification activities worldwide.
8. Peer Evaluation: Often involves a peer review process or evaluation by current IACS members to ensure standards are met.
There are 12 Classification societies in IACS which meet the entry standards the biggest in terms of Gross Tonnage fleet is NKK.
Class society | mGT |
NK | 270 |
DNV | 260 |
ABS | 255 |
LR | 236 |
CCS | 140 |
BV | 135 |
KR | 70 |
RI | 65 |
IR | 13 |
PR | 2.3 |
CRS | 1.6 |
TL | 0.4 |
Source: IHS
Classification Societies Recognized by EU (EMSA)
EU Member States can only authorize a classification society recognized by the European Commission.
The European Union legislation that deals with classification societies is Regulation (EC) No 391/2009 and Directive 2009/15/EC. The European Commission assesses each of the EU recognized organizations once every two years. EMSA has been entrusted by the Commission with the task of carrying out the necessary inspections and therefore, EMSA carries out a number of inspections of each recognized organization every year. This includes inspections of head offices and selected regional, field and site offices and also includes visits to ships, all for the purpose of verifying the performance of the recognized organizations. EMSA also carries out the necessary inspections of organizations for which recognition has been requested by a Member State.
-American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
-Bureau Veritas SA — Registre international de classification de navires et d’aeronefs (BV)
-China Classification Society (CCS)
-Croatian Register of Shipping (CRS)
-DNV AS
-KR (Korean Register)
-Indian Register of Shipping (IRCLASS)
-Lloyd’s Register Group LTD (LR)
-Nippon Kaiji Kyokai General Incorporated Foundation (ClassNK)
-Polish Register of Shipping (PRS)
-RINA Services S.p.A.
Types of Class Surveys
Type of Survey |
Principal Content |
Period/Year(s) |
Special Survey | A thorough and complete survey of all the items: thickness measurements of the hull, pressure testing of the tanks, opening up and testing the running of the machinery; for tankers, especially tankers of more than ten years, it is more stringent and extensive | 5 |
Annual Survey | A general examination of hull and appliance machinery, electrical plants, steering gear and fittings. It is mandatory for passenger ships. | 1 |
Docking Survey | Required for the following items: the hull part below the deepest load waterline, rudders, thrusters, sea valves and overboard discharges | 2.5 |
Boiler Survey | A survey containing external and internal visual survey of water/steam, drums and shell, casing and insulation, combustion chambers, oil burning units, etc. | 2 |
Shaft Survey | A survey focusing on the shaft and bearings | every five years in the dry dock |
Relationship between Classification Societies and Maritime Administrations
Obligations of the Administration
It is the government’s obligation to implement international conventions, such as the International Convention on Load Lines, MARPOL, SOLAS, and TONNAGE (International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969), to which the government has become a signatory.
However, it should be recognized that almost no government has the acceptable capacity extensive enough to perform all aspects under the requirements of the conventions. Furthermore, besides international instruments, national regulations are stipulated to administer the ships flying the state flag. The implementation and execution is very complicated and demand large resources.
Classification Societies took into consideration the requirements of various conventions when set out or updated their rules. But the philosophy to include various conventions in their rules has been difficult to realize in all cases.
The coverage of the survey according their own rules, to a great extent, excludes lifesaving appliances required by the SOLAS and the protection of the environment as regards the MARPOL, etc.
Ensuring Maritime Safety
One of the primary functions of classification societies is to enhance maritime safety. These organizations develop technical standards for the design, construction, and operational maintenance of ships and offshore structures. By conducting rigorous inspections and surveys, classification societies ensure that vessels comply with these standards before they enter service and during their operational life. This process minimizes the risk of maritime accidents, which can have catastrophic consequences for crew members and passengers.
Furthermore, classification societies contribute to the maritime industry’s safety culture by providing certification and classification services. A vessel that receives certification from a respected classification society is recognized worldwide for meeting stringent safety and quality criteria. This recognition reassures ship operators, insurers, and regulatory bodies that the vessel is fit for purpose and compliant with international regulations.
Promoting Environmental Protection
In addition to enhancing safety, classification societies play a vital role in promoting environmental protection. Modern maritime operations are heavily scrutinized for their environmental impact, with issues such as marine pollution and greenhouse gas emissions being at the forefront. Classification societies are at the cutting edge of developing standards that minimize these impacts.
For instance, classification societies create guidelines for energy efficiency and emissions reduction. By pushing for the adoption of cutting-edge technologies and alternative fuels, they help the maritime industry reduce its carbon footprint. Furthermore, through regular audits and inspections, they ensure that ships adhere to international environmental regulations, such as the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) MARPOL convention.
Fostering Innovation and Technological Advancement
Classification societies are instrumental in driving innovation within the maritime industry. As technological advancements emerge, these organizations adapt their standards to integrate new technologies and methodologies. This adaptability encourages shipbuilders and designers to innovate without compromising on safety and environmental standards.
Moreover, classification societies often collaborate with industry stakeholders, research institutions, and regulatory bodies to develop new standards and best practices. This collaborative approach not only facilitates innovation but also ensures that the latest technological advancements are implemented globally. By doing so, classification societies contribute to the modernization and competitiveness of the maritime industry.
Supporting Regulatory Compliance
Compliance with international and national maritime regulations is a complex task for shipowners and operators. Classification societies simplify this process by aligning their technical standards with major regulatory frameworks. Their expertise and global presence position them as essential partners in navigating the intricate web of maritime legislation. By assisting with compliance documentation and procedures, classification societies help stakeholders avoid legal complications and financial penalties.
Conclusion
Classification societies are indispensable to the maritime industry, providing crucial services that enhance safety, promote environmental stewardship, and foster innovation. Their role extends beyond mere compliance, as they act as catalysts for change and improvements within the industry. By setting and maintaining high standards, classification societies ensure the industry’s sustainability and integrity, benefiting stakeholders and the global community alike. As the maritime industry continues to evolve, the importance of classification societies is expected to grow, underscoring their enduring impact on a complex and dynamic field.
Edited by A. Dimitriou M.Sc.
